水域生态学件富营养化控制.pptVIP

Eutrophication Definition of eutrophication Features and effects of eutrophication Causes of eutrohication Control of eutrophication 富营养化的定义 水体由于营养物，主要是氮和磷的过度富集，导致生物的过度生长，引起溶氧耗尽的过程。 自然富营养化Natural eutrophication - occurs naturally over time 加速（文化）富营养化Accelerated (cultural) eutrophication - speeded up by humans (100-1,000 times faster) 富营养化的典型特征 生物量增加，引起缺氧，导致底栖动物和鱼类的死亡 形成所谓的蓝－绿藻水华algae blooms，导致透明度下降，恶臭、有毒物质产生、以及食物链高层物种组成的变化等问题 大型植物群落结构改变，严重的引起大型植物全部丧失 生物多样性下降 富营养化的影响 引起缺氧Anoxia (no oxygen present) ：杀死鱼类和其他无脊椎动物，释放有害气体 产生藻华Algae blooms 和水生植物的过度生长； 产生有毒物质（一些蓝绿藻） 形成高浓度有机质：如用氯处理可能产生致癌化合物 carcinogenic compounds 降低休闲价值：由于透明度下降等； 富营养化的影响 游钓、休闲活动受限：水生植物过密 动植物种类数和多样性下降 喜欢的鱼类物种减少，经济价值下降 鱼类产量下降：水层和底层缺氧 富养化的成因和影响示意图 富营养化导致沉水植物消失的成因 Algal bloom in a eutrophic lake. A oligotrophic lake Overgrowth of floating aquatic plants Water hyacinth Nile cabbage Fish mortality due to lack of oxygen in an lake. Macro- and micro-scopic views of Microcystis aeruginosa. Macro- and microscopic views of Uroglena americana, a culprit of red tide. Relationship between number of species and volume of chlorophyll a. General view of Lake Baikal, Russia, the largest freshwater body in the world and 1.7km deep, shows signs of eutrophication: decreased transparency and increased concentrations of algae and nutrients. 富营养化指标 理化指标 N和P浓度, 是初级生产的主要限制因子； BOD，表明有机污染的水平; 透明度 生物指标 浮游植物生物量； 叶绿素a含量，初级生产力指标； 大型植物物种组成； 指示生物，如蓝绿藻 营养来源 Sources of nutrients 外源Allochthonous (provided from outside the system) Point source (点源) Diffusion source (面源) 内源Autochthonous (within the system) In many lakes and reservoirs wastewater is the main source Drainage water from agricultural land also contains phosphorus and nitrogen Erosion caused by deforestation Major sources of nutrients in lakes: sewage, agricultural runoffs, industrial waste and urban runoff. Urbanization, population growth and industrialization are amongst the basic factors which cause environmental problems in lakes and reservoirs 富营养化控制 切断外源营养输入 湖内