流体力学与传热课RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER.ppt

华南理工大学化工学院，伍钦 qwu@scut.edu.cn 4.6. RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER Radiation, which may be considered to be energy streaming through space at the speed of light, may originate in various ways. All substances at temperatures above absolute zero emit radiation that is independent of external agencies. Fundamental facts concerning radiation Radiation moves through space in straight lines, or beams, and only substances in sight of a radiating body can intercept radiation from that body. The fraction that is absorbed is called absorptivity α. The maximum possible absorptivity is unity. A body which absorbs all incident radiation is called a black body. Emission of radiation The radiation emitted by any given mass of substance is independent of other material in sight of , or in contact with, the mass. When bodies at different temperatures are placed in sight of one another inside an enclosure, the hotter bodies loss energy by emission of radiation faster than they receive energy by absorption of radiation from the cooler bodies. Temperatures of hotter bodies decrease. Wavelength of radiation Known electromagnetic radiations cover an enormous range of wavelengths, from the short cosmic rays to long wave broadcasting wave. Although radiation of any wavelength is, in principle, convertible into heat on absorption by matter, the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is of importance in heat flow lies in the wavelength range between 0.5 and 50 μm. Visible light covers a wavelength range of about 0.38 to 0.78 μm Emissive power The monochromatic energy emitted by a radiating surface depends on the temperature of the surface and on the wavelength of the radiation. At constant surface temperature, a curve can be plotted showing the rate of energy emission as a function of the wavelength. Emissivities of solids Emissivity usually increases with temperature. Emissivities of polished metals are low, in the range 0.03 to 0.08. Emissiv