Cell Biology Lecture Notes细胞生物学的讲义.doc

Cell Biology Lecture Notes Introduction: A. Definition of a cell: fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms B. Characteristics of cells: 1) Contain highly organized molecular and biochemical systems and are used to store information 2) Use energy 3) Capable of movement 4) Sense environmental changes 5) Can duplicate (transfer genetic information to offspring) 6) Capable of self-regulation -Most cells are microscopic (invisible to the naked eye) and thus, a microscope is needed to view most cells. C) History: -Discovery of the cell followed by the development of the microscope 1665-Robert Hooke- observed cells from the fruiting bodies of fungi Anton van Leewenhoek- observed a variety of cells and called them animalcules 1830’s-Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden developed the cell theory -Cell Theory states: All living organisms are composed of cells Cells are the functional units of living organisms Cells arise from preexisting cells via division D) Louis Pasteur-developed the theory of spontaneous generation that is that cells could develop from non-living matter -Also worked on problem associated with the fermentation of French wine -1857-developed a partial sterilization process called pasteurization- involves heating at a moderate temperatures to reduce the number of living microorganisms E) 1865-Mendel-demonstrated that cellular traits (phenotypes) were inherited - Seed shape and color in garden peas - Named Father of Genetics F) 1871-Johan Freidrick Miescher-isolated nucleic acids from cells nuclein G) 1889-R.Altman-purified nucleic acids ? H) 1944-Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and MacLyn McCarty- -Demonstrated that DNA was the heredity molecule -DNA could transform bacterial cells I) 1952-Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase-also demonstrated that DNA was the heredity molecule -Radioactive DNA from a virus was able to infect and transform bacterial cells J) 1953-James Watson and Francis Crick-developed the 3-D structure of DNA