SECOND ORDER SCIENCE LOGIC, STRATEGIES, METHODS二阶科学逻辑，的策略，方法.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Second order science The idea of second order science is more relevant for the social sciences than the physical sciences Science itself is a social process Cybernetics is a theory of information and regulation in somewhat the same way that physics is a theory of matter and energy How to do second order science An academic discipline requires methods which can be practiced What are some methods for doing second order science? Several methods for second order science The influence cycle is similar to the credit cycle and the leverage cycle Interaction between ideas and society, an historical approach (shoelace model) Examine social activities in terms of ideas, groups, events, and variables A comparative approach Amount of + credit + + Lending + Collateral Debt activity values service + - Economic + stimulus _ The credit cycle opportunities for + innovation + + deregulation of + economic abuse of asymmetric business activity growth information + - belief in the + value of markets _ The influence cycle ? ? Ideas Variables Groups Events ? A reflexive theory operates at two levels Why practice second order science? It is more realistic We cease pretending that social systems are like physical systems New scientific theories and methods will be invented With a larger conception of science we will be able to explain and to influence processes we could not otherwise Reasons not to do second order science Giving up a claim of objectivity means giving up a claim to special authority The informal fallacies caution against errors in language, emotion and thoug