Biocontrol usually allows som injury andor damage生防菌通常允许某种损伤或损害.pptVIP

Biocontrol Ideal Cropping System Characteristics Conducive to Biocontrol Stability Abiotic environment supports NE’s Temperature, moisture shelter are all available as needed by NE Soils support soil-based NE’s Biotic environment supports NE’s Alternative food sources available Food for all life stages available Management practices compatible Crop should have some damage tolerance Biocontrol usually allows some injury and/or damage Pest complex characteristics conducive to biocontrol Few species in the target niche Stable species composition Few key pests, few direct pests Ideally, minor pest species can act as alternate hosts/prey Costs/Disadvantages of Biocontrol Usually requires change in management practice Increases scouting effort Intrinsic time delay Increased risk New NE’s may cause harm Uncertainty about NE requirements/reliability Always a potential for pest to escape control Fundamentally incompatible with other control tactics Characteristics of Effective NE’s Can detect pest populations at low densities Rapid population growth relative to pest population High pest destruction rate per capita Synchronized phenology Persistence at low host density Persistence over cropping seasons/rotations Tolerant of management actions Willingly adopted by pest managers growers Common Trade-off Quesitons Generalists vs. specialists. Multiple vs. single biocontrol species Generalists vs. Specialist NE’s Disadvantages of generalists: Usually have lower numeric response Kill fewer pests/unit time/NE May be attracted to other species Advantages of generalists: Better survival when pest population is low More likely present at pest establishment Multiple generalist species can co-exist as a community (greater stability reliability) Phase Plane – Specialist NE Elementary Implications of the phase plane The “good” area often identified in decision guides as NE/pest ratios Spider Mite Examples Predator mite/pest mite (spider mite) on apples must be at least 1:10 in Wa