Chap 10 Artificial Intelligence I Definitioal Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我.pptVIP

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Chap 10 Artificial Intelligence I Definitioal Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我.ppt

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Chap 10 Artificial Intelligence I Definitioal Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我

Chapter Ten Artificial Intelligence I: Definitional Perspective Historical Perspective Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been a driving force behind our quest to create a machine in our own image. Automata begin to appear for general public consumption during the late 19th century. The advent of electronic computation has led to an information revolution in the 21st century characterized by machines that supply expert advice, control the environment, and emulate human thinking. Philosophical Issues-Man as a Machine Descartes (1596-1650) raises the mind-body question. In particular, “What is the difference between a person and a machine?” “Treatise on Man” includes a comparison between a human being and a hypothetical “statue or machine” that operates like a clock or hydraulic fountain. Descartes proposes that humans possess a “rational soul” whereas animals are not capable of reasoning (“I think, therefore I am.”) Humans have had difficulty accepting two important theories: the earth is not the center of the universe and evolution. Is there a third theory that we need to accept—man is a complex machine? Evaluating Descartes’ Approach Debate over Descartes is religious in nature. The atheist philosophers of the 18th century took issue with the idea that a “soul” separates us from the machine-like model for other animals. Descartes ideas came into direct conflict with the teachings of the religious community of his time. Descartes tries to avoid the conflict; his “machine” is not a man, simply a “statue” that God forms with the explicit intention of making it as much as possible like us. Mechanical Computation One aspect of an intelligent agent rests on its ability to perform calculations Mechanical calculators represent automata capable of “imitating” human intelligence on a “primitive” level. The abacus is developed in 2600 B.C. In the 19th century, Charles Babbage develops mechanical machines that anticipate the modern electronic digital computer. They are a fore