Chapte 13 PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS13章对解的性质.docVIP

Chemistry 122 Chapter 13 PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS 13.1 The Solution Process A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent. Consult Table 13.1 in text for examples of solutions. Solutions may be gases, liquids, or solutions. Each substance present is a component of the solution. The solvent is the component present in the largest amount. The other components are solutes. In the process of making solutions with condensed phases, intermolecular forces become rearranged. Consider NaCl (solute) dissolving in water (solvent). See Figs. 13.1 and 13.2 in text for illustrations of this process. Water molecules orient themselves on the NaCl crystals. Hydrogen bonds between the water molecules need to be broken. NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl-. Ion-dipole forces form between the Na+ and the negative end of the water dipole. Similar ion-dipole interactions form between the Cl- and the positive end of the water dipole. Such an interaction between solvent and solute is called solvation.[ If water is the solvent, the interaction is called hydration. Energy Changes and Solution Formation There are 3 steps involving energy in the formation of a solution: Separation of solute molecules (?H1) Separation of solvent molecules (?H2) Formation of solute-solvent interactions (?H3) These steps are illustrated in Fig. 13.3 in the text. We define the enthalpy change in the solution process as: ?Hsoln = ?H1 + ?H2 + ?H3 ?Hsoln can either be positive or negative depending on the intermolecular forces. To determine whether ?Hsoln is positive or negative, we consider the strengths of solute-solute, solvent-solvent, and solute-solvent interactions. Breaking intermolecular forces is always endothermic. ?H1 and ?H2 are both positive. Forming attractive intermolecular forces is always exothermic. ?H3 is always negative. Study Fig. 13.4 in text for a clear indication of the enthalpy changes in the solution process It is possible to have either ?H3 (?H