_and Influenza vaccine Welcome to the 肺炎球菌和流行性感冒病毒亚单位疫苗欢迎来到课件.ppt

Pneumoccocal 10.6 million children under five years of age die each year; 90% of these deaths occur in developing countries. Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a leading cause of pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia, 1.6 million people die each year including 700,000 to 1 million children under five. PPV23 is estimated to be effectiveness to between 50 and 60% of IPD in children aged 24 to 59 months Pneumococcal bacteremia of 597/100,000 children less than 5 years of age per year (Kenya). Case fatality ratios range from 5-20% for bacteremia to 40-50% for meningitis. pneumococcal pneumonia in a pandemic influenza setting is anticipated to range from 5 to 13%. Serotype Nasopharynx is the reservoir for pneumoccocal 90+ serotypes based on capsular polysaccharide Approximately 20 serotypes account for over 70% of invasive disease; Just about 10 serotypes are commonly associated with pediatric infections -1,4,6,3,7f,9v,14,18c, 19f, 23f Based on molecular typing of multiple housekeeping genes, pneumococcal strains can be characterized into clones. there is a strong association between serotype and clones. specific clones, serotypes and antimicrobial resistance pattern. The majority of these are associated with antibiotic resistance. Strains that are penicillin-resistant are much more likely also to contain genes conferring resistance to other drug classes Serotype The global distribution of serotypes varies. PCV 7- 4,6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F conjugated to an immunogenic mutant diphtheria toxin, CRM197 PCV 10- 1,5,7F, 4,6B, 9V, 14, 18C,19F,23F PCV 13- 3, 19A, 6A,1,5,7F, 4,6B, 9V, 14, 18C,19F,23F Some serotypes 1 and 5 are common in developing countries. Serotypes associated with invasive infections among HIV infected children are similar to the serotypes that infect healthy children. Polysaccharide vs conjugate Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides, serves as the primary pneumococcal antigens eliciting a host immune response, induce a T-cell indepe