purchase attempts by gender and age成年人购买尝试按性别和年龄课件.ppt

“Look, I’m underage ... ”“Sold!” Arnold H. Levinson, Ph.D. University of Colorado Stacy Hendershott Colorado Tobacco Enforcement Unit Compliance CheckSurvey Six CO urban-suburban counties Census of outlets (n=1083) State-issued ID with true age Same minors varied use of ID One attempt per outlet Comparison of Conditions,ID vs. No ID Balanced: Male – Age Clerk gender, perceived age – Day of week – Clerk asked for ID Overall sales rate: 12.7% Asked to see ID: 87.2% Relative risk (RR) if ID not asked: 7.1 (p0.0001) Sales Rates,ID Used vs. Not Used (ID Always Requested) % of Attempts Ending in Sale,By MinorCases Where ID Was Requested What if … Logistic model of sale with varied ID condition Significant covariates: minor gender ages 14 17 clerk age 30 Weekdays two counties asked for ID What’s Going On? Possible explanations: Too busy to do it right? Can’t calculate? Think showing ID implies 18+? Think law requires just showing ID? Ask just for appearances? Implications for Compliance Checks Carry ID raise rates (if clerks usually ask). Don’t use ID lower rates. Should we be replicating real purchase practices? How often do kids use ID for real attempts. The Compliance-Use Gap:Real or artifact? The Issue: Fewer sales ? less smoking Clerk failure to ask IDof underage cigarette customers(same counties, time period) Sales Rates,Real vs. Simulated Tries Conclusions Real underage shoppers asked for ID less than compliance checkers. Interpretations: Different looks and actions. Real underage shoppers don’t choose stores randomly. A few outlets and circumstances can meet adolescent demand. To Do: Target stores routinely selling underage. Target proxy-buying and social giving. Evaluate impact of comprehensive access control on adolescent smoking. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Tobacco Sales Increasewhen Real ID Is Shown 12:45 p.m.*** 11:30 a.m. Median Time 64%** 36% Female ID No ID Unbalanced Relative risk of sale when ID used: 6