糖尿病2012年远程医疗0913下午 ppt课件.ppt

* * * * * * * * 2型糖尿病理想的综合控制目标视患者的年龄、合并症、并发症等不同而异。 治疗未能达标不应视为治疗失败，控制指标的任何改善对患者都将有益，将会降低相关危险因素引发并发症的风险，如HbA1c水平的降低与糖尿病患者微血管并发症及神经病变的减少密切相关。 * 综合性治疗策略包括降糖、降压、调脂、抗凝、控制体重和改善生活方式等治疗措施。 降糖治疗包括饮食控制、合理运动、血糖监测、糖尿病自我管理教育和应用降糖药物等综合性治疗措施。 * * * * * * * * LP-1受体激动剂通过激动GLP-1受体而发挥降低血糖的作用。GLP-1受体激动剂以葡萄糖浓度依赖的方式增强胰岛素分泌、抑制胰高血糖素分泌，并能延缓胃排空，通过中枢性的食欲抑制来减少进食量。 * In order to recreate as closely as possible the physiological insulin profile seen in non-diabetic individuals, the ideal meal-related insulin should rise rapidly within half an hour of the meal, reaching peak concentrations equivalent to that of a non-diabetic person. Insulin concentration should then decline swiftly, returning to baseline before the next meal. Rapid onset within half an hour of eating affords the best glycaemic control with a minimal amount of insulin (as demonstrated in the previous slide). Rapid decline in insulin concentration following the meal reduces the potential for hypoglycaemia and weight gain secondary to hyperinsulinaemia, whilst the maintenance of near-normal baseline insulin levels improves long-term metabolic control and reduces the risk of late diabetic complications. Compared to soluble human insulin, rapid-acting insulin analogues have a reduced tendency to form hexamers, accelerating their absorption from the injection site. The result is faster onset of action and improved postprandial glucose control. Since insulin analogues are rapidly eliminated via insulin protease metabolism they have a short duration of action, reducing the potential for between-meal and nocturnal hypoglycaemia. * 我们可以看到，各种胰岛素其作用时间与达峰时间都有所不同。 上图是本指南建议的2型糖尿病高血糖治疗路径。绿色路径是根据药物的卫生经济学、疗效和安全性的临床证据以及我国国情等因素权衡考虑后推荐的主要药物治疗路径，与国际上大部分糖尿病指南中建议的药物治疗路径相似。黄色路径为与绿色路径相应的备选路径。 2型糖尿病药物治疗的首选药物是二甲双胍。如果没有禁忌证，二甲双胍应一直保留在糖尿病的治疗方案中。不适合二甲双胍治疗者可选择胰岛素促分泌剂或?-糖苷酶抑制剂。 如单独使用二甲双胍治疗而血糖仍未达标，则可加用胰岛素促分泌剂或?-糖苷酶抑制剂（二线治疗）。不适合使用胰岛素促分泌剂或?-糖苷酶抑制剂者可选用TZDs或二肽基肽酶-4（DPP-4）抑制剂。不适合二甲双胍者可采用其他口服药间的联合治疗。 两种口服药联合治疗而血糖仍不达标者，可加用胰岛素治疗（每日1次基础胰岛素或每日1~2次预混胰岛素）或采用3种口