Stat pre - Sampling Distributions - Penn State Universitystat pre抽样分布-宾夕法尼亚州立大学.pptVIP

Sampling Distributions Quick Review p = population proportion = sample proportion (it is called p-hat) μ = population mean = sample mean Empirical rule: For Variables with a Normal (Bell-Shaped Distribution) ~68% of the values fall within +/- 1 standard deviation of the mean. ~95% of the values fall within +/-2 standard deviations of the mean. Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion Situation 1: A survey is undertaken to determine the proportion of PSU students who engage in under-age drinking. The survey asks 200 random under-age students (assume no problems with bias). Suppose the true population proportion of those who drink is 60% or p=.6 is the proportion in the sample who drink. Repeated Samples Imagine repeating this survey many times, and each time we record the sample proportion of those who have engaged in under-age drinking. What would the sampling distribution of look like? Histogram of for 150k samples. Sampling Distribution of Derived from the Binomial Distribution Let X be the number of respondents who say they engage in under age drinking. What is the PDF of X? X is binomial with n=200 and p=.6 so we can calculate the probability of X for each possible outcome (0-200). The PDF is plotted below: Sampling Dist. of Since the is simply X/n it follows that the sampling distribution of is the same as that of the binomial distribution divided by n. Normal Approximation for Sample Proportions The sampling distribution of is approximately normal with mean p and standard deviation if the following conditions are satisfied: A random sample is selected from the population. Even if the sample is not perfectly random, as long as it is free from bias it will be okay. Sample must be large enough, np and n(1-p) MUST be greater than 5, and should be greater than 10. Example: Problem 9.11 Recent studies have shown that about 20% of A