语用学：PP礼貌原则.pptVIP

“ ” “ ” PP: POLITENESS PRINCIPLE Some examples Some examples Basic sentence forms indirect speech acts Declarative ----------------state a fact Imperative -----------------direct other’s action Interrogative---------------seek information If one of these forms is not used to perform the function typically associate with it, then the language used is indirect. CP and PP: the necessity of PP CP explains the relationship between what they say and what they mean. CP sheds light on how we can calculate the implicature of utterances. But it fails to explain why we express ourselves in such indirect way, or we say, the rationale of indirect speech acts. CP and PP: the necessity of PP Leech 1983 We will miss Xiaozhang and Xiaowang. Well, we’ll miss Xiaowang. Someone’s eaten the cake. It’s wasn’t me. Sometimes we flout the CP out of politeness. Why should we be polite in communication?---illocutionary goals and social goals According to leech, there are two major kinds of goals in our communication: illocutionary goals and social goals. illocutionary goals: the primary, immediate goals of linguistic communication Social goals: maintain friendly relations with others E.g. could you please close the door? 4 types of illocutionary acts According to the relations between illocutionary goals and social goals, illocutionary acts can be classified into different types Competitive: ordering, demanding, begging ----being polite in a bid to minimize the contradiction between illocutionary goals and social goals Convivial: offering, inviting thanking, greeting, Collaborative: reporting, announcing, instructing Conflictive: threatening, accusing, cursing Maxims of PP 策略准则 p124, activity4 慷慨准则 称赞准则 谦虚准则 p124,activity5 赞同准则 同情准则 The first two maxims are the same thing but perceived from different perspectives. Clashes and tradeoffs Clashes may emerge between different maxims or between CP PP. Different culture prioritize different maxims. PP generally gai