临床分子免疫学抗感染免疫临床研究生014.ppt

* * , e.g., in the circulation, in extracellular connective tissues, and in various tissue spaces such as the airways genitourinary tract, and intestinal lumens. ., resulting in tissue destruction at the site of infection which are components of bacterial cell walls ., which are actively secreted by the bacteria. * Protein antigens of intracellular bacteria stimulate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells respond to intracellular antigens presented by class II MHC expressed on APCs. Intracellular bacteria are potent inducers of the differentiation of CD4+ helper T cells to the TH1 phenotype. The cytokines produced in the innate immune response to intracellular bacteria, IL-2 by macrophages and IFN-γ by NK cells; also promote the development of TH1 cells that secretes IFN-γ. IFN-γ activates macrophages to produce reactive oxygen species and enzymes that kill phagocytosed bacteria. If the bacteria survive within cells and release their antigen into the cytoplasm, they stimulate CD8+ CTLs activation and they function by producing more IFN-γ and by killing any macrophages that may be harboring bacteria in the cytoplasm (Abbas, 1991). * * Clinically IFN has had mixed effects. It works well in some cancers like Hairy cell leukaemia, where it induced the cancer cells to differentiate and die. For viral infections complete response rates are usually only around 1/3 with the rest giving partial or no response. * * Figure 43.21 Antibody-mediated mechanisms of antigen disposal * Figure 43.17 The central role of helper T cells in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses * Figure 43.19 B cell activation in the humoral immune response * 宿主抗病毒感染的免疫因素 宿主免疫力 效应因子 作用的靶点 早期应答 发热 吞噬 炎症 NK细胞活性 干扰素 病毒复制 病毒 病毒复制 病毒感染的靶细胞 病毒复制, i免疫调节 细胞介导的免疫应答 杀伤性T细胞 活化的巨噬细胞 ADCC NK 细胞 淋巴因子 病毒感染的细胞 病毒感染的细胞 病毒感染的细胞 病毒感染的细胞 免疫调节 体液免疫应答 抗体 抗体+补体 病毒, 病毒感染的细胞 病毒, 病毒感染的细胞 Figure 2-1 不同免疫应答的时间 抗再次感染 抗再次感染应答的时间 Figure 10-38 Superantigens/超（级）抗原 Proteins produced by pathogens (bacteria, virus, m