Abnormal Psychology - University of Toronto：异常心理学-多伦多大学.pptVIP

Introduction to Psychology Human Memory Lecture Outline Encoding Storage Retrieval and Forgetting Multiple memory systems Memory Memory is the process by which we observe, store, and recall information Memories may be visual, auditory, or tactile Memory processes may involve multiple systems Conscious Automatic Encoding Attention: - Spotlight analogy Sensory detection Recognition of meaning Response selection Levels of Processing Shallow processing - structural encoding (capital letters, what color, etc…) Intermediate processing - phonemic encoding (rhyming, homonyms, etc…) Deep processing - semantic encoding (meaning or symbolism) Facilitating Encoding Elaboration Visual Imagery Self Referential Encoding Rehearsal and Over-learning Deep and Transfer Appropriate processing Distributed practice Organize information Mnemonic Devices Verbal mnemonics: - acrostics, acronyms, and rhymes Visual mnemonics: link method, method of loci, keyword SQ3R Encoding Specificity Encoding specificity principle: Idea that ease of retrieval of a memory depends on match of encoding with retrieval Poor recall if shallow learning is examined using a deep processing technique Student who reads multiple choice items in test book and then takes an essay exam will likely not do very well State-dependent memory 2. Storage Assumes that memory consists of 3 stores: Sensory registers Iconic (visual) Echoic (auditory) Short-term memory (STM) Long-term memory (LTM) The Information Processing Model of Memory Characteristics of STM STM is a variant of memory that is of limited duration: Information in STM fades after 20-30 seconds (without rehearsal) STM has limited capacity storage STM capacity is about 7 items of information Capacity is constant across cultures STM Involves rehearsal Maintenance: information is repeated Elaborative: information is related to other knowledge Working Memory Working memory is temporary storage and processing of information used to solve problems re