Vibrational Properties of the Lattice的晶格振动性质.pptVIP

Electronic Properties of Metals A. The Free Electron Gas Model Assumptions of the FEG Model B. Properties of the FEG: Fermi Energy and Density of States Properties of the FEG Fermi Wave Vector and Energy Density of States N(E) Reality of the Fermi Energy Utility of the Density of States C. Plasma Oscillations and Plasmons Plasma Oscillations and Plasmons Experimental Evidence for Plasmons D. Heat Capacity of the FEG Heat Capacity of the Quantum-Mechanical FEG Heat Capacity of the Quantum-Mechanical FEG A Rough and Ready Estimate Heat Capacity of Metals: Theory vs. Expt. at low T * The Free Electron Gas (FEG) Model Properties of the FEG: Fermi Energy EF and Density of States N(E) Plasma Oscillations and Plasmons Heat Capacity of the FEG Having studied the structural arrangements of atoms in solids, and the thermal and vibrational properties of the lattice, we now consider the electronic properties of solids in terms of a very simple model. Plot U(x) for a 1-D crystal lattice: Simple and crude finite-square-well model: Can we justify this model? How can one replace the entire lattice by a constant (zero) potential? U U = 0 1. Metals have high electrical conductivity and no apparent activation energy, so at least some of their electrons are “free” and not bound to atoms 4. Therefore model the behavior of the free electrons with U = 0 inside the volume of the metal and a finite potential step at the surface. Assume each atom has n0 free electrons, where n0 = chemical valence. Assume that resistance comes from electrons interacting with lattice through occasional collisions: 2. Coulomb potential energy of positive ions U ? 1/r is screened by bound electrons and is weaker at large distances from nucleus 3. Electrons would have lowest U (highest K) near nuclei, so they spend less time near nuclei and more time far from nuclei where U is not changing rapidly. Solutions have 1. Wave functions: 2. Energies: Time-independent Schr?dinger Equation: With U = 0: Traveling w