Vision - Manhattanville College视觉-曼哈顿维尔学院.pptVIP

Chapter SixVision Visual Coding and Retinal Receptors Reception-absorption of physical energy by receptors Transduction-the conversion of physical energy to an electrochemical pattern in the neurons Coding- one-to-one correspondence between some aspect of the physical stimulus and some aspect of the nervous system activity Visual Coding and Retinal Receptors From Neuronal Activity to Perception coding of visual information in the brain does not duplicate the stimulus being viewed General Principles of Sensory Coding Muller and the law of specific energies-any activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same kind of information to the brain Qualifications of the Law of Specific Energies the rate of firing or pattern of firing may signal independent stimuli timing of action potentials may signal important information indicating such things as movement the meaning of one neuron depends on what other neurons are active at the same time Visual Coding and Retinal Receptors The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain Pupil-opening in the center of the eye that allows light to pass through Lens-focuses the light on the retina Retina-back surface of the eye that contains the photoreceptors The Fovea-point of central focus on the retina The Route Within the Retina photoreceptors-rods and cones bipolar cells-receive input from rods and cones ganglion cells-receive input from bipolar cells optic nerve-made up of axons of ganglion cells blind spot-the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones Rods abundant in the periphery of the retina best for low light conditions see black/white and shades of gray Cones abundant around fovea best for bright light conditions see color Transduction Both Rods and Cones contain photopigments (chemicals that release energy when struck by light) 11-cis-retinal is transformed into all-trans-retinal in light conditions this results in hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor the normal message from the photorecep