Earth (also, Mercury, Venus, Mars) is layered (core ：（同时，水星，金星，地球，火星是分层的（核心）.ppt

The nebular hypothesis The solar nebula (gas) contracted, cooled and condensed into dust sized particles that accreted (stuck together as the result of collisions) into protoplanets (asteroid sized bodies) and then larger planets / Evidence that chondrites are representative of early solar system materials: 1:1 ratio of non-volatile elements to those in the sun “sedimentary”, non-equilibrated texture - formed by accretion of condensed particles with little subsequent heating or alteration presence of minerals predicted to be formed by condensation of solar nebula, such as corundum, Fe metal, troilite, etc. Also inferred: achondrites, iron and stony-meteorites represent fragments of accreted planetesimals that had heated internally, melted and differentiated The nebular hypothesis The solar nebula (gas) contracted, cooled and condensed into dust sized particles that accreted (stuck together as the result of collisions) into protoplanets (asteroid sized bodies) and then larger planets / Earth (also, Mercury, Venus, Mars) is layered (core, mantle, crust). How did it form, and what was its original bulk composition? Hypotheses for planet formation: Heterogeneous accretion (layers form in condensation sequence from refractory to volatile. Since iron condenses early – did the core form this way?) 2) Homogeneous accretion - whole planet accreted from the same mixture of condensing materials, and then differentiated by internal melting 3) “Chondrite mixing” - accretion of the constituents of chondrites in varying proportions depending on time and distance from the sun, followed by interior melting Sample chondrite mixing model for Earth and Moon: Chondrite mixing model: Use each element that can be estimated to determine the proportion of a particular chondrite consitituent: Refractory elements in Calcium Aluminum Inclusions - U Silicates - Si Metal - Fe Troilite (sulfide) - S Volatile elements – K, Tl Then add together all the other elements in those co