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Marine Resources - Home Washington and Lee University海洋资源-华盛顿与李大学.ppt

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Marine Resources - Home Washington and Lee University海洋资源-华盛顿与李大学

Marine ResourcesRFF discussion paper 02-26 and Ch. 11 Kahn Background (USA) U.S. has about 95,000 miles of coastline and more than 3.4 million square miles of ocean in its domain (NOAA, 1998). habitats and the resources they support provide the public with a valuable and diverse set of goods and services seafood, recreational enjoyment, carbon sequestration, storm protection, and opportunities for pharmaceutical discoveries Economic Impact commercial fisheries alone add approximately $27 billion per year to U.S. gross domestic product (NOAA 2000). Coastal environment also supports many tourism and recreation activities that contribute, in total, about $595 billion annually to gross domestic product, making it the second largest contributor (NOAA 1999). Over-fishing marine resources are overexploited and face external environmental threats. In the United States, federal regulators report that 56 of 162 major fish stocks are overfished. Max. Sustainable Yield p.382 External Environmental Threats between 1986 and 1997, the United States experienced a net loss of 10,400 acres of estuarine and marine wetlands (Dahl 2000). runoff from urban streets, lawns, and agricultural areas, arising from greater development on the coast, delivers nutrients and chemicals to coastal estuaries and wetlands A Potential Solution MPA benefits and costs associated with setting aside areas of the marine habitat. benefit-cost framework because it is a convenient structure to organize and classify potential outcomes, tradeoffs, and the risks associated with these choices (Freeman and Portney 1989). does not imply that all potential benefits and costs are easily identified or even quantifiable. Ecology MPAs are found to be effective in protecting critical habitats, as spatial havens for intensely exploited species, as sources of stock for adjacent areas, and as potential buffers against management errors. When exploitation is ceased in an area, resident fish populations begin to recover. Pp