Final Exam Review - Instructor Pages期末考试复习教师页.pptVIP

Figure 16.12 Intestine Kidney Bloodstream Hypocalcemia (low blood Ca2+) stimulates parathyroid glands to release PTH. Rising Ca2+ in blood inhibits PTH release. 1 PTH activates osteoclasts: Ca2+ and PO43S released into blood. 2 PTH increases Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney tubules. 3 PTH promotes kidney’s activation of vitamin D, which increases Ca2+ absorption from food. Bone Ca2+ ions PTH Molecules Glucagon Major target is the liver, where it promotes Glycogenolysis—breakdown of glycogen to glucose Gluconeogenesis—synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates Release of glucose to the blood Insulin Effects of insulin Lowers blood glucose levels Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells Participates in neuronal development and learning and memory Inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis Homeostatic Imbalances of Insulin Diabetes mellitus (DM) Due to hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin Three cardinal signs of DM Polyuria—huge urine output Polydipsia—excessive thirst Polyphagia—excessive hunger and food consumption Hyperinsulinism: Excessive insulin secretion; results in hypoglycemia, disorientation, unconsciousness Table 16.4 Gonadotropins Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) Secreted by gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary FSH stimulates gamete (egg or sperm) production LH promotes production of gonadal hormones Absent from the blood in prepubertal boys and girls Homeostatic Imbalances of Growth Hormone Hypersecretion In children results in gigantism In adults results in acromegaly Hyposecretion In children results in pituitary dwarfism Homeostatic Imbalances of Glucocorticoids Hypersecretion—Cushing’s syndrome Depresses cartilage and bone formation Inhibits inflammation Depresses the immune system Promotes changes in cardiovascular, neural, and gastrointestinal function Hyposecretion—Addison’s disease Also involves deficits in mineralocorticoids Decrease in glucose and Na+ level