Review probability and counting - TeacherWeb回顾概率与计数- teacherweb.docVIP

Probability Review We will have our end-of-unit test on probability on June 7 (A and B block) or June 8 (C Block). See below for a review outline. Review Outline Probabilities in situations where the outcomes are equally likely. Probability of a single outcome = . Probability of an event = . Sometimes counting methods (such as C, P, or !) must be used to find “the total number of outcomes” and/or “the number of outcomes in the event.” Probabilities involving “and”, “or”, “not” (here A and B stand for events) P(not A) = 1 – P(A) P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) if A and B are mutually exclusive P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B) Problems that can be solved using the last rule can often also be done with a Venn?diagram, which you may find easier. Dependent and independent events If events A and B are dependent (the outcome of A affects the likelihood of B): P(A and B) = P(A) · P(B | A) where P(B | A) means prob. of B given A If events A and B are independent: P(A and B) = P(A) · P(B) Repeated binomial experiments: For an action having two equally-likely outcomes (such?as a coin flip) done n times, the probability of getting a certain outcome r-out-of-n times is (get the nCr numbers from a row of Pascal’s triangle). Expected value (multiply each outcome times its probability, then add) Conditional probability in tree diagrams P(A and C) = P(A) · P(C | A) P(C) = P(A and C) + P(B and C) P(A | C) =  Review Problems General directions: When asked to find a probability, you may give your answer as a fraction (either unreduced or reduced) or as a decimal rounded to 3 decimal places. color # of students red 24 orange 13 yellow 9 green 25 blue 34 purple 12 black 31 white 27 1. Suppose that the colors of shirts are observed for a random sample of students. Use the collected data to estimate the following probabilities. Write your answers first as fractions then as decimals. a. probability that a student’s shirt is blue b. probability that a student’s shirt