Use and abuse of citations使用与滥用情况.pptVIP

Use and abuse of citations What are citations for? Giving credit to others What are citations for? Giving credit to others Referring compactly to facts or ideas What are citations for? Giving credit to others Referring compactly to facts or ideas Tracing the thread of argument What are citations for? Giving credit to others Referring compactly to facts or ideas Tracing the thread of argument Bean counting History…. The first journals appeared in the 1600’s Peer review was relaxed History…. The first journals appeared in the 1600’s Peer review was relaxed Citation was vague Youatt, who was probably better acquainted with the works of agriculturalists than almost any other individual, and who was himself a very good judge of an animal, speaks of the principle of selection as that which enables the agriculturist, not only to modify the character of his flock, but to change it altogether. It is the magicians wand, by means of which he may summon into life whatever form and mould he pleases. Lord Somerville, speaking of what breeders have done for sheep, says: It would seem as if they had chalked out upon a wall a form perfect in itself, and then had given it existence. That most skilful breeder, Sir John Sebright, used to say, with respect to pigeons, that he would produce any given feather in three years, but it would take him six years to obtain head and beak.’ Darwin, 1859, Origin of Species, Ch. 1 History…. The first journals appeared in the 1600’s Peer review was relaxed Citation was vague: it is astonishing, as Mr. B. D. Walsh(3) has remarked, how many different organs are worked in by nature, for the seemingly insignificant object of enabling the male to grasp the female firmly. The mandibles or jaws are sometimes used for this purpose; thus the male Corydalis cornutus (a neuropterous insect in some degree allied to the Dragon-flies, c.) has immense curved jaws, many times longer than those of the female; and they are smooth instead of being toothed, by which