The Atom and the Periodic Table原子与元素周期表.pptVIP

Noble Gases Group 8A 8 valence electrons—outer energy level is full Very UNREACTIVE—what do they need to be ? Electron Clouds The different layers of clouds hold different numbers of electrons 1st cloud = 2 2nd cloud = 8 3rd cloud = 8 These cloud layers conveniently match the rows on the periodic table: 1st row = 2 elements 2nd row = 8 elements 3rd row =8 elements… And then it gets complicated Electron Clouds (cont.) To draw the electron clouds: Figure out how many total electrons Fill in the electrons starting with the first cloud Sulfur has: 16 electrons Electron Clouds (cont.) Practice Problem Draw the electron clouds for an Al atom This is WAY too much work…there must be a simpler way! Lewis Dot Structures A smart man named Gilbert Newton Lewis figured out an easier way! For Lewis Dot Structures draw only the important electrons…are called the outer, or valence, electrons Just draw the outer electrons around the atomic symbol S Lewis Dot Structures (cont.) Practice Problem #4 Draw Lewis Dot Structures for: A Calcium atom A Chlorine atom An Oxygen atom Ca O Cl Octet Rule Noble gases are what all elements aspire to be like electronically These elements have 8 electrons in highest energy level 8 is GREAT Lewis Dot Structures (cont.) All elements want to be full of electrons: So they gain or lose electrons until they are full This gives the atom a charge Negative charge if they gain electrons Positive charge if they lose electrons Charged atoms are called ions: cations if they are positive and anions if they are negative Atomic Number Continued Also equal to number of electrons if the atom has no charge If the Element has a positive charge Take the atomic number and Subtract the charge to find # of electrons K (Atomic Number) 19 - (Charge) 1 = 18 Electrons Ca ? If the element has a negative charge Take the atomic number and Add the charge to find the number of electrons Cl 17 + 1 = 18 Electrons +1 K +2 Ca -1 Cl Ions How many valence electrons in Li?