核物理基础和核医学仪器2004(英文).ppt

Nuclear Medicine Physics and Instrumentation My Understanding of NM (Clinical )Medicine Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine Nuclear Medicine Diagnosis Therapy NM Physics Nuclear Physics Nuclear Instrument Topics Ⅰ . Atom and Nucleus Ⅱ. Modes of Radioactive Decay Ⅲ. Decay of Radioactivity Ⅳ. Interaction of Particles with Matter Ⅴ. Radiation Detectors Ⅵ. Instrumentation for Radiation Detection Ⅶ.γ Camera Ⅷ.SPECT Ⅸ. PET Ⅹ. Development of Nuclear Medicine Instruments Ⅰ.Atom and Nucleus （I）Atom Atom Nucleus Electron Bohr Model Shell Energy Level Binding Energy Atomic Emissions Characteristic X Ray Auger Effect Energy Level and Binding Energy Atomic Emissions: Characteristic X Ray Atomic Emissions: Auger Effect （II） Nucleus 1. Composition and Notation Composition nucleon：proton and neutron 2. Nuclides and their classification Nuclide: An Atom with given A and Z，exact arrangement of nucleon in the nucleus, and measurable lifetime. Isotope：Nuclides with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. (Example: I-125, I-127, I-131 are isotopes of I, and one another） Isomer: Nuclides with identical A, Z, and N, but different energy states. Nuclides: Stable nuclides and Radionuclides Radionuclides: Natural radionuclides and Artificial radionuclides 3. Forces between nucleons Nucleons are subject to electrical forces and exchange forces Electrical force：repulsive, long distance, nonsaturable, weak (eV) Strong force (exchange force)：attractive, short distance, saturable, strong (MeV) When the forces are balanced, the nucleus is stable , or it will decay. 4、 Energy state of nucleus A nucleus may be in one of the three energy states: Ground state：most stable state Excited state：extremely unstable，transient existence before transforming into other state Metastable state：unstable, but with relatively long lifetime before transforming into another state. Also called isomeric state. Isomer：Two nuclides that differ from one another