法理笔记7-法治和法律社会.docx

第七讲：法治、法律与社会一、法治的概念（一）“法治”的几个术语一、Rule of Law，起源于1500年左右，兴起于19世纪二、Rechtsstaat， 18世纪晚期，J.W.Placidus在《Literatur der Staatslehre》，首先使用该术语三、汉语“法治”，先秦时代，《管子》：“威不两错，政不二门，以法治国则举措而已”；《商君书》：“法任而国治矣”；《韩非子》：“治民无常，唯以法治”（二）法治的概念1、UN对于rule of law 的界定For the United Nations, the rule of law refers to a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws（对法律负责） that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. It requires, as well, measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency2、World Justice Project的界定1. The government and its officials and agents are accountable under the law;2. The laws are clear, publicized, stable, fair, and protect fundamental rights, including the security of persons and property;3. The process by which the laws are enacted, administered, and enforced is accessible, fair, and efficient;4. Access to justice is provided by competent, independent, and ethical adjudicators, attorneys or representatives, and judicial officers who are of sufficient number, have adequate resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve.3、中国：社会主义法治理念社会主义法治理念是在马克思主义的指导下，吸收中国传统的法律文化、苏联的法律文化、西方资本主义法律文化合理成分的基础上形成的依法治国是社会主义法治的核心内容；执法为民是社会主义法治的本质要求；公平正义是社会主义法治的价值追求；服务大局是社会主义法治的重要使命；党的领导是社会主义法治的根本保证。4、中国：社会主义法治体系全面推进依法治国，总目标是建设中国特色社会主义法治体系，建设社会主义法治国家。这就是，在中国共产党领导下，坚持中国特色社会主义制度，贯彻中国特色社会主义法治理论，形成完备的法律规范体系、高效的法治实施体系、严密的法治监督体系、有力的法治保障体系，形成完善的党内法规体系，坚持依法治国、依法执政、依法行政共同推进，坚持法治国家、法治政府、法治社会一体建设，实现科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法，促进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。二、法治的理论（一）法治理论介绍1、Aristotle的法治思想1）It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens: upon th