理论与实践第四版.ppt

Maintaining the System 中国科学技术大学软件学院 孟宁 Contents 11.1 The Changing System 11.2 The Nature of Maintenance 11.3 Maintenance Problems 11.4 Measuring Maintenance Characteristics 11.5 Maintenance Techniques and Tools 11.6 Software Rejuvenation Chapter 11 Objectives System evolution Legacy systems Impact analysis Software rejuvenation 11.1 The Changing System Maintenance: any work done to change the system after it is in operation Software does not degrade or require periodic maintenance However, software is continually evolving Maintenance process can be difficult 11.1 The Changing SystemLehman’s System Types S-system: formally defined, derivable from a specification Matrix manipulation矩阵运算 P-system: requirements based on approximate solution to a problem, but real-world remains stable Chess program E-system: embedded in the real world and changes as the world does Software to predict how economy functions (but economy is not completely understood) 11.1 The Changing SystemS-System 11.1 The Changing SystemP-System 11.1 The Changing SystemE-System 11.1 The Changing SystemExamples of Change During Software Development 11.1 The Changing SystemThe System Life Span跨度 Will we need maintenance phase? Even if best practices are followed, still need maintenance (because of E and P systems) Development time vs. maintenance time Recent surveys: 20% vs 80% How much change can we expect? System evolution vs. system decline: better to discard and build a new? Cost/reliability/adaptability to change unacceptable? Laws of software evolution 11.1 The Changing SystemLaws of Software Evolution Continuing change: leads to less utility Increasing complexity: structure deteriorates恶化 Fundamental law of program evolution: program obeys statistically-determined trends and invariants不变量 Conservation of organizational stability: global activity rate is invariant Conservation of familiarity: release content (changes) is statistically invariant 11.2 The Nature of MaintenanceTypes o