18.Heat,Work,FirstLawofThermodynamics热,功,与热.pptVIP

18. Heat, Work, First Law of Thermodynamics熱，功，和熱力學第一定律 The 1st Law of Thermodynamics 熱力學第一定律 Thermodynamic Processes 熱力學程序 Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 理想氣體的比熱 A jet aircraft engine converts the energy of burning fuel into mechanical energy. 一具噴射機引擎把燃燒燃料所得的能量轉變成機械能。 How does energy conservation apply in this process? 如何把能量守恆用到這個程序？ E combustion = E mech + Q waste E燃燒 = E機械 + Q廢棄 18.1. The 1st Law of Thermodynamics熱力學第一定律 Either heating or stirring can raise T of the water. 加熱或攪拌都可以提升 T 。 Joule’s apparatus 焦耳的儀器 1st Law of Thermodynamics 熱力學第一定律: Increase in internal energy = Heat added ? Work done 內能增幅 = 所加熱量 ? 所作功 Thermodynamic state variable = variable independent of history. 熱力態變數 = 跟歷程無關的變數 e.g., U, T, P, V, … Not Q, W, … PE of falling weight 下墜重物的位能 ? KE of paddle 旋槳的動能 ? Heat in water 水中熱能 Example 18.1. Thermal Pollution 熱污染 The reactor in a nuclear power plant supplied energy at the rate of 3.0 GW, 一個核電廠的反應爐以 3.0 GW 的功率供應能量， boiling water to produce steam that turns a turbine-generator. 其間先把水燒成蒸氣，再以之推動一部渦輪發電機。 The spent steam is then condensed through thermal contact with water taken from a river. 用完的蒸氣則與一條河的水經過熱接觸後凝結。 If the power plant produces electrical energy at the rate of 1.0 GW, at what rate is heat transferred to the river? 如果這發電廠以 1.0 GW 的功率供應電能，熱傳到河裏的功率是多少？ From standpoint of power plant: 以核電廠的角度來看： 1st law 第一定律 ? ( loses heat to river ) 流失到河裏 18.2. Thermodynamic Processes 熱力程序 Quasi-static process : Arbitrarily slow process such that system always stays arbitrarily close to thermodynamic equilibrium. 准靜態程序: 程序任意的慢，以使系統始終與熱力平衡隨意的近。 Reversible process: Any changes induced by the process in the universe (system + environment) can be removed by retracing its path. 可逆程序: 宇宙(系統+環境)因程序而引起的變化，都可由回溯其路徑而完全清除。 Reversible processes must be quasi-static. 可逆程序必為准靜態。 Irreversible process: system is not retraceable (out of equilibrium during part / all of the process). 不可逆程序: 系統不可以回溯 (