第一篇基本概念Chapter1.BasicConcepts.pptVIP

第一章 基本概念Chapter 1. Basic Concepts Contents 1. Thermodynamic System 热力系统 2. Properties of A System 系统的状态参数 3. State and Equilibrium 状态及平衡状态 4. Process and Cycles 过程与循环 §1.1 Thermodynamic System 热力系统 1. System （热力系统的定义 ） A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. （系统就是指被选做研究对象的物体或空间。） For example: (1) Surroundings（外界） The mass or region outside the system is called surroundings. (2) Boundary（边界） The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is called boundary. (3) Interactions between system and its surroundings (系统与外界间的相互作用） There are mass or energy exchange between system and its surroundings. And they must cross the boundaries. 系统与外界之间有质量及能量的交换，且都必须穿越边界 (4) Characteristics of boundaries 热力系统选取的人为性： A Closed system (a control mass 控制质量) consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. That is, no mass enters or leave a closed system. 闭口系与外界无物质交换 　　 such as, Piston-cylinder device (汽缸-活塞装置） An Open system (or a control volume 控制体积）is a properly selected region in space. Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume. 开口系与外界有物质交换 such as, A Water heater, a turbine and a compressor, etc 　 Adiabatic system is that no heat cross the boundary or heat is negligible compared with the work cross the boundary 绝热系统与外界之间无热量交换 Isolated system is a special case that no mass and energy cross the boundary. 孤立系统与外界之间无任何物质和能量交换 （2）In terms of internal condition of the system §1.2 State and State Properties 状态及状态参数 1. State The state reveals the physical condition of a system. 状态：某一瞬间热力系所呈现的宏观状况 2. Property （状态参数） （1）Properties are used to depict any characteristics of a system. 状态参数：描述系统宏观物理状况的物理量,简称参数 such as Pressure P （压力），temperature T（温度）， volume V（体积），mass m（质量）， internal e