外国翻译理论纪要从古罗马到现代.docVIP

中外翻译理论Truly major periods in the history of translation tend to coincide with eras when a major differential or inequality exists—or is perceived to exist—between two cultures or two peoples employing different languages. One of these peoples perceives the need to absorb greater or higher or more detailed knowledge from another, whether this knowledge is conceived in political, religious, or scientific terms. 1. Prehistory: predominance of interpreting and mediating (by marriage-brokers, go-betweens, deal-makers, peace-seekers, all of these subsidiary meanings of the earliest words for interpreters).2. Egyptians: the need to communicate with peoples in Southern Egypt. (The Rosetta stone is evidence of Egypts assiduous (勤勉的) concern with translation through the ages. Inscriptions from 197 BC, found near the town of Rosetta, Egypt, 1799. Giving the same text in three versions–-Greek, Hieroglyphic (象形文字), and Demotic Script (俗体文)– it became the key to deciphering(译解)other Egyptian inscriptions).Rosetta Stone 1799年，法军在尼罗河西支流罗塞达（Rosetta）入海口附近偶然挖掘出一块布满稀奇古怪文字”的黑色石碑。该石碑就以它的发现地命名为“罗塞达石碑”。石碑上共有三段文字，前两段为古埃及文字（分别为象形文和俗体文），第三段为古希腊文。由于古希腊文字在当时是看得懂的，学者们便很快了解到该石碑的内容。象形文在当时是用于书写重要的文件或宗教使用的语言，俗体文是一般人通用的文字，用于记录日常生活。希腊文是当时埃及统治者使用的语言。用三种语言刻写后，祭司、政府官员、老百姓都能看懂。3. Greeks: the need to understand Egyptian civilization. 4. Romans: the need to understand Greek civilization. 5. Chinese ( 7th Century A.D.): the need to understand Indian civilization, especially Sanskrit scriptures. 6. Arab and Persian World( Baghdad, 8th--10th Centuries): the need to absorb and integrate Sanskrit, Hebrew, Syriac(古代叙利亚语), and Greek knowledge into Persian and Arabic cultures. 7. Japanese( Heian Period(平安时代), 9th—10th Centuries): the need to understand and absorb Chinese culture, with Korea as an important intermediary. 8. Western Middle Ages: the need to reabsorb and integrate Arabic, Hebrew, and Greek knowledge in medieval Europe. 9. Renaissance: reintegration of Ancient Greek culture in the West. 10. Enlightenme