外文翻译Linux网络栈剖析从socket到设备驱动程序.docVIP

外文原文 Anatomy of the Linux networking stack From sockets to device drivers Summary:? One of the greatest features of the Linux? operating system is its networking stack. It was initially a derivative of the BSD stack and is well organized with a clean set of interfaces. Its interfaces range from the protocol agnostics, such as the common sockets layer interface or the device layer, to the specific interfaces of the individual networking protocols. This article explores the structure of the Linux networking stack from the perspective of its layers and also examines some of its major structures. Protocols introduction While formal introductions to networking commonly refer to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, this introduction to the basic networking stack in Linux uses the four-layer model known as the Internet model (see Figure 1). Figure 1. The Internet model of a network stack At the bottom of the stack is the link layer. The link layer refers to the device drivers providing access to the physical layer, which could be numerous mediums, such as serial links or Ethernet devices. Above the link layer is the network layer, which is responsible for directing packets to their destinations. The next layer, called the transport layer, is responsible for peer-to-peer communication (for example, within a host). While the network layer manages communication between hosts, the transport layer manages communication between endpoints within those hosts. Finally, theres the application layer, which is commonly the semantic layer that understands the data being moved. For example, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) moves requests and responses for Web content between a server and a client. Practically speaking, the layers of the networking stack go by much more recognizable names. At the link layer, you find Ethernet, the most common high-speed medium. Older link-layer protocols include the serial protocols such as the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP), Compres