Chemistry for Changing Times 11th Edition Hill and Kolb文档.pptVIP

Depressants - Alcohol Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) Fermentation of grain and fruit juice produces ethanol (5000 year old technology) Most used and abused drug in the world It is a depressant, slows down both physical and mental activity. Moderate drinking (1-2 drink/day) increase longevity, due to relaxation effect Moderate calorie (7 kcal/g) in alcoholic drinks cause fat deposit in the abdomen. Too much alcohol gives adverse effects: intoxication, sluggish muscular activity, raises dopamine levels in the brain (pleasure aspect), highway fatality, alcoholism (10 million people in the US are alcoholic), increased suicide rate (58x), fetal alcohol syndrome, birth defect * Depressants - Barbiturates Barbiturates are a family of related depressants, displaying a wide range of properties. They were once used as a mild sedative (few mg). In larger doses (~100 mg) they induce sleep. Barbiturates are quite toxic, lethal dose is ~1500 mg. Used as medicine to calm anxiety and as anticonvulsant for epileptics and brain-damaged people Adolf von Baeyer (1864) synthesized barbituric acid from malonic acid (made from apples) and urea (occurs in urine) * Depressants Barbiturates, like alcohol, are intoxicating and addictive. Both are depressants. Taken together, they cause a synergistic effect, and can be deadly A synergistic effect is an effect that is markedly greater than each drug taken individually For instance, the depressant effect of barbiturates is enhanced up to 200 times when taken with ethanol Habitual use of barbiturates lead to tolerance to the drug requiring ever-increasing doses Side effects include hangover, drowsiness, dizziness, and headaches Withdrawal symptoms include convulsions and delirium, can even cause death * Narcotics Narcotics are drugs that produce narcosis (stupor or general anesthesia) and analgesia (relief of pain) Many drugs produce these effects, but in the US only those that are also addictive are legally classified as narcotics. Their use is