污水厂微生物气溶胶的逸散特征 传输特征及健康风险分析-transport characteristics and health risk analysis of microbial aerosols in sewage plants.docxVIP

I I 摘要 随着城市环境问题的日益严重，各种传染性疾病的频繁爆发，城市居民的环境安全 问题也日渐突出。城市污水作为微生物气溶胶的一个主要排放源，越来越被人们关注。 为了探讨微生物气溶胶的逸散特征、传输特征、评估健康风险，于 2011 年 6～7 月，选 取西安市第三污水处理厂为研究对象，选用 Andersen 六级撞击式微生物采样仪对各污 水处理单元逸散的细菌、真菌、放线菌进行了采样研究。主要成果如下： 1. 污水处理厂污泥脱水车间的细菌和放线菌气溶胶浓度最高，分别为 7866±960 CFU·m-3 和 2139±227 CFU·m-3，而真菌气溶胶浓度最高出现在氧化沟，为 2156±119 CFU·m-3。细菌、真菌和放线菌气溶胶粒径分布均呈偏态型，其中细菌和真菌的粒径分 布峰值出现在 2.1～3.3μm 范围，而放线菌气溶胶粒径分布峰值出现在 1.1～2.1μm 范围。 另外，微生物气溶胶的空间变化特征表现为粒径大的微生物气溶胶浓度减小率大。3 类微生物气溶胶浓度减少率的变化程度从大到小依次为细菌真菌放线菌。总体上， 污水厂中细菌气溶胶中值直径真菌气溶胶中值直径放线菌气溶胶中值直径。可吸入 颗粒的比例为放线菌气溶胶真菌气溶胶细菌气溶胶。各污水处理单元排放的细菌气 溶胶与真菌气溶胶、放线菌气溶胶比较均差异非常显著（P0.01）。 2.基于大气污染物扩散模型即高斯模型，结合微生物失活特性及环境因素，提出了 微生物气溶胶的暴露剂量的计算方法。这一方法普遍适用于微生物气溶胶的健康风险定 量评价工作。 3. 呼吸吸入是人体（儿童和成人）摄入微生物气溶胶的主要途径，暴露非致癌风险 商随距离的增加而逐渐降低。同种途径，同样的位置，儿童的风险商约是成年男性或成 年女性的 2-3 倍，经过呼吸途径的风险商大小为儿童成年男性成年女性，经过皮肤接 触途径的风险商大小为：儿童成年女性成年男性。 关键词：微生物气溶胶，逸散特征，传输特征，健康风险，污水厂 III III IV IV ABSTRACT With the increasingly serious situation of environment and frequent outbreak of infectious disease, the health of urban resident has become growing prominent. As a main emission source of microbial aerosol, Wastewater Treatment Plant(WWTP) has been paid more and more attention. So, three types of airborne microorganisms were sampled by an Andersen 6-stage impactor at different treatment units of a Xi’an sewage treatment plant from June, 2011 to July, 2011 in order to explore emission characteristic, transport characteristic, and evaluate health risk. The results are as the follows. First, the highest concentration of bacteria (7866±960 CFU·m-3) and actinomycete (2139±227 CFU·m-3) was found in the sludge-dewatering house while the highest fungi concentration (2156±119 CFU·m-3) in the oxidation ditch. The bacteria, fungi and actinomycete all showed a skewed distribution. The peaks of the first two airborne microorganisms were in the size range of 2.1 ～ 3.3μm whereas the peak of airborne actinomycete was between 1.1～2.1μm in size. In addition, spatial variation characteristic of microbial aeroso