古埃及专制制度王权(大学教学).pptVIP

五、埃及古王国的专制王权 (不是古埃及王权) “最典型” 东方专制主义 亚细亚生产方式 Karl August Wittfogel (6 September 1896 – 25 May 1988) was a German-American historian and sinologist. He was a Marxist and an active communist party member, but after the Second World War an equally fierce Anticommunist. 其代表作是《东方专制主义》（1957年）。魏特夫是中国古代社会研究专家。 法老 Pharaoh is a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient Egyptian rulers of all periods. In antiquity this title began to be used for the ruler who was the religious and political leader of united ancient Egypt. This was true only during the New Kingdom, specifically during the middle of the eighteenth dynasty. For simplification however, there is a general acceptance amongst modern writers to use the term to relate to all periods. Pharaoh meaning Great House, originally referred to the kings palace but by the reign of Thutmose III (ca. 1479-1425 BCE) in the New Kingdom had become a form of address for the person of the king. The Egyptian term for the ruler himself was nsw(t)-bjt(j) (rendered in Babylonian as insibya; Egyptological pronunciation Nesu(t)-Bit(i)), King of Upper and Lower Egypt 具体表现（略） ——教科书第34-35页 第一，国王对全国土地拥有最高所有权，这是专制王权统治的经济基础。 他视全国的土地为他的私产，随意把土地赏赐给官吏、神庙及为他所宠信的人；一年一度或两年一度对全国土地、人口、牲畜、财产的清查，是这种专制统治的重要表现，也是一种重要措施。 The pharaoh was the absolute monarch of the country and, at least in theory, wielded complete control of the land and its resources. The king was the supreme military commander and head of the government, who relied on a bureaucracy of officials to manage his affairs. 第二，国王的意志就是法律。国王在全国居于主宰地位，他具有至高无上的权力和权威。 古代埃及没有法典之类传世，国王的话就是法律，国王颁布的敕令也具法律效力。 第三、从中央到地方有一套庞大系统的官僚机构，各级官僚对国王负责，王位在皇族之内世袭继承。 一切高级官员，包括宰相均由他任命，各州州长由他随意调动，这些官吏也完全听命于国王。 古王国时期，许多高级官吏，包括宰相在内，都由王室成员担任，有时由王子担任，以便将政权集中于国王手中。 同时，国王统帅全国军队，也拥有最高审判权，他或者亲自、或派亲信参加审判。 国王最主要的行政助手是宰相（维西尔），主管行政、司法和经济，但不管军事，军队由国王亲自率领或任命其他人率领，以免宰相权力过大，不好驾驭。 In charge of the administration was his second in command, the vizier, who acted as the king‘s representative and coordinated land surveys,