（毕业设计）某花园公寓楼设计与招投标文件编制英文翻译.docVIP

毕业设计 泛美花园公寓楼设计与招投标文件编制 英文文献翻译 外文资料： Spread footing foundation A spread footing (also known as footer or simply a footing) is an enlargement at the bottom of a column or bearing wall that spreads the applied structural loads over a sufficiently large soil area. Typically, each column and each bearing wall has its own spread footing, so each structure may include dozens of individual footings.Spread footings are by far the most common type of foundation, primarily because of their low cost and ease of construction. They are most often used in small-to medium-size structure on sites with moderate to good soil conditions. Spread footings may be built in different shapes and sizes to accommodate individual needs, as shown in Fig. 13.1. These include the following: (1)Square spread footings (or simply square footings) have plan dimensions of B×B. The depth from the ground surface to the bottom of the footings is D and the thickness is T. Square footings usually support a single centrally-located column； (2)Rectangular spread footings have plan dimensions of B×L, where L is the longest dimension. These are useful when obstructions prevent construction of a square footing with a sufficiently large base area and when large moment loads are present； (3)Circular spread footings are round in plan view. These are most frequently used as foundations for light standards, flagpoles, and power transmission lines. If these foundations extend to a large depth (i.e., D/B greater than about 3), they may behave more like a deep foundation.Large cylindrical above ground surface storage tanks also will behave as a circular foundation. Although the walls may be supported on an annular-shaped continuous footing(ring footing) and the roof may be supported by columns founded on square footings, the contents of the tank will be distributed evenly across the tank floor； (4)Continuous spread footings (also known as wall footings or strip footings) are used to support bearing walls； (5)Combined f