农业水资源高效利用若干问题研究.docVIP

农业水资源高效利用若干问题研究 　　摘要:农业水分利用效率(WUE)是消耗单位水所获得的农产品产量,是农业水资源高效利用的核心问题。综合国内外研究成果,阐述农业水分利用效率的研究尺度、计算方法和影响因素,并讨论提高WUE的主要技术措施,其中引入基于ET的科学水管理理念;分析WUE与灌溉水量、有效降水量和有效灌溉面积的关系;讨论利用WUE进行水资源利用评估时存在的问题,以及今后的研究重点。 　　关键词:农业水分利用效率; 影响因素; 研究尺度; 计算方法; ET管理 　　中图分类号:TV323.213文献标识码:A文章编号:1672-1683(2010)01-0082-06 　　 　　Studies on Relevant Issues on High Efficient Use of Agricultural Water 　　WANG Hai-long1,WANG Hui-xiao1,LIU Hai-jun1,ZHANG Chuan-xia2 　　( 1.Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences,Ministry of Education/College of Water sciences,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China;2.Beijing Huaxing Exploration Newtechnology Corporation,Beijing 100035,China) 　　 　　Abstract: Agricultural water use efficiency (WUE) is the ratio of output (in most cases using yield) to water consumption,which is the core issue of agricultural water high efficient use.This article synthesized the literature released home and abroad,represented the researching scales of agricultural water use efficiency,as well as the calculation methods and influencing factors; also this synthesis summarized techniques of improving WUE;a water management concept based on ET was particularly introduced.Besides,the relation between WUE and irrigation water amount,effective precipitation and effective irrigation area was analyzed in detail.In conclusion,the main problems were discussed when using WUE to compare water use efficiency among different regions and different crops,and the major issues that need to be further studied were pointed out. 　　Key words: WUE;Influencing Factors;Study Scales of WUE;Calculation Methods;Management Based on ET 　　 　　0 引言 　　 　　在干旱半干旱地区,水分和养分是限制作物产量的主要因素。作物在其生长的某些特定阶段对水分和养分的亏缺较为敏感,而过量灌溉会增加成本且对环境具有潜在危害(如肥料流失造成的污染)[1],因此提高单位水量所获得的粮食产量便具有重要的现实意义。作物消耗单位水量所获得的产量即为农业水资源利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)。作物产量和消耗的水量一般受区域的光热资源、品种资源、土地资源以及水资源等因素的影响,在我国,农业水资源利用效率以省为单位的研究较多,如张永勤等(2001)[2]计算得到南京地区的粮食水分生产效率为1.14 kg/m3,卢玲等(2007)[3]分析了西部地区WUE时空分布格局。对农业水资源利用效率的比较一般集中在同一时期不同地区的WUE的比较,描述各地农业输水措施、灌溉