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Introductory Chemistry， 2nd Edition Nivaldo Tro：化学导论，第二版尼瓦尔多周转率
Tros Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 6 Introductory Chemistry, 3rd Edition Nivaldo Tro Roy Kennedy Massachusetts Bay Community College Wellesley Hills, MA Why Is Knowledge of Composition Important? Everything in nature is either chemically or physically combined with other substances. To know the amount of a material in a sample, you need to know what fraction of the sample it is. Some Applications: The amount of sodium in sodium chloride for diet. The amount of iron in iron ore for steel production. The amount of hydrogen in water for hydrogen fuel. The amount of chlorine in freon to estimate ozone depletion. Counting Nails by the Pound I want to buy a certain number of nails for a project, but the hardware store sells nails by the pound. How do I know how many nails I am buying when I buy a pound of nails? Analogy: How many atoms in a given mass of an element? Counting Nails by the Pound, Continued A hardware store customer buys 2.60 pounds of nails. A dozen nails has a mass of 0.150 pounds. How many nails did the customer buy? 1 dozen nails = 0.150 lbs. 12 nails = 1 dozen nails Solution map: Counting Nails by the Pound, Continued The customer bought 2.60 lbs of nails and received 208 nails. He counted the nails by weighing them! Counting Nails by the Pound, Continued What if he bought a different size nail? Would the mass of a dozen be 0.150 lbs? Would there still be 12 nails in a dozen? Would there be 208 nails in 2.60 lbs? How would this effect the conversion factors? Counting Atoms by Moles If we can find the mass of a particular number of atoms, we can use this information to convert the mass of an element sample to the number of atoms in the sample. The number of atoms we will use is 6.022 x 1023 and we call this a mole. 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 things. Like 1 dozen = 12 things. Avogadro’s number. Chemical Packages—Moles Mole = Number of things equal to the number of atoms in 12 g of C-12. 1 atom of C-12 weighs exactly 12 amu. 1 mole of C-12 weig
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