神经生物学-眼和视网膜.pptVIP

* 光感受器分为四个部分：外段、内段、胞体和突触终末。 外段具有大量膜盘，有光敏感的视色素对光进行吸收，然后触发光感受器膜电位的变化。 根据外端形状不同，分为视杆和视锥。 视杆和视锥功能上有重大区别。视杆内膜盘数量较多，视色素密度较高，因此光敏感性比视锥高出1000倍。夜间照明时，只有视杆起作用。 视锥有三种不同色素，分别辨别红，绿和蓝色。 * Suction-electrode recording on the membrane current of a single toad rod. 左图：The outer segment of a rod projecting from a piece of retina was sucked in position in a suction electrode. Proximal end of cell remains attached to retina. Boundary between inner and outer segments is visible. (B) Response of rod outer segment to a series of 40 consecutive dim flashes. 20 msec flash delivering 0.029 photons (μm2 at 500 nm, flash timing monitored below. The rod showed no response to some flashes, or a small response of ~ 1 pA to others, and occasionally a larger response. This suggests that the flash response is quantized, as might be expected when on average very few photons are absorbed. With further analysis, the authors demonstrated that each quantal electrical event resulted from a single photo-isomerization with mean amplitude of ~ 1 pA – the single-photon response. Modified from Baylor et al. Journal of Physiology, 1979, 288: 589-611 (A) and 288: 613-634 (B) * The Phototransduction GPCR Cascade and the Molecular Mechanism of the Rate-Limiting Step of Recovery(A) Schematic of phototransduction cascade. In step 1, light isomerizes rhodopsin, creating R?. Steps 1–3 are similar in many GPCR cascades: R? activates a specific G protein, creating the activated intermediate G? (=Gα-GTP) (step 1); a G? stoichiometrically activates one of the two catalytic subunits of the tetrameric phospho-diesterase (PDE), creating E? (step 2); E? catalyzes the hydrolysis of cG (cyclic GMP) (step 3), which holds open cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) in the dark, and which close as cG is reduced by E?s; the resting cG level is set by the balance of synthesis by guanylyl cyclase (GC) and PDE hydrolysis. Models of phototransduction in which R? and E? inactivation are characterized by first-order decays with time c