波函数的统计解释及态叠加原理-2011版文件.DOCVIP

Created by Tianxin Yang, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronic Engineering, Tianjin University Page PAGE 22 of NUMPAGES 24 Lecture 9 Born’s statistical interpretation and Quantum superposition principle 波恩统计解释及态叠加原理 Outline Outline Part 1 Born’s statistical interpretation Part 2 Quantum superposition principle Part 3 Hilbert Space 希尔伯特空间 Part 4 Application of Hilbert Space Part 1 Born’s statistical interpretation What is this wave function and what can it tell you? After all, a particle, by its nature, is localized at a point, whereas the wave function is spread out in space (its a function of x, for any given time t). How can such an object be said to describe the state of a particle? Borns statistical interpretation: The intensity of wave function at one position is proportional to the probability that particle presents there. 在某一坐标点的波函数的强度正比于粒子在该点出现的几率。 The absolute square of wave function is the probability that particle presents there. 代表在时刻点附近的小体积元内找到粒子的几率. The spatial probability density (空间几率密度) The difference between probability wave and classical wave In classical physics: two wave functions anddenote different energy or intensity, such as sound wave. In quantum mechanics: two wave functions describe the same quantum state, because their relative value of probability distribution at different spatial positions is equal. For two arbitrary position After a wave function is multiplied by a constant, the probability of finding a particle in a certain position is not changed. 相差常数因子的波函数表示的在某处找到粒子的几率是不变的 So the wave function has to be normalized. The condition which wave function can be normalized is that has to be converged (收敛的), i.e. where is a real and limited constant. 波函数能归一化的条件为波函数是平方可积的. The uncertainty of phase of the normalized wave function 归一化波函数相位角的不确定性 The normalized wave function includes an uncertain phase factor of modulus being one 任何一个归一化的波函数都包含一个相角任意的模为1的因子. Conclusion and examples for the Part 1 The