每kg工质从高温热源吸热200kJ.PPTVIP

4)整套装置功率 或 将整套装置取为系统 End of 1st Law of Thermodynamics Well done! 2.6 Second Law of Thermodynamics 2nd Law is used to determine the direction condition limitation of thermal process. Natural process is directive. *** We will use the 2nd Law as a tool to evaluate whether a process is possible. *** Spontaneous Process Transferring heat to a paddle wheel will not cause it to rotate. Heat Transfer A cup of hot coffee does not get hotter in a cooler room. Others: Gas Free Expansion Mixture Process Combustion and Reaction Process Mechanical Heat 一切实际的热力过程都具有方向性，只能单独自动地朝一个方向进行，这类过程称为自发过程；而其逆方向地过程不能单独自动进行，这类过程称为非自发过程。若要非自发过程得以实现，必须附加某些补充条件，付出一定的代价。 2.6 Second Law of Thermodynamics Statement of 2nd Law Clausius: It is impossible to transfer energy from a cooler to a hotter body as a sole effect (requires a heat pump or other device, which needs energy input) 2. Kelvin-Planck: It is impossible to operate a thermodynamic cycle to produce work with only heat transfer from a single reservoir (requires both heat addition and heat rejection) Statement of 2nd Law Clausius: Low-Temperature Reservoir TL High-Temperature Reservoir TH Reservoir: a “large” body that can absorb or supply heat without a “noticeable” temperature change Statement of 2nd Law 2. Kelvin-Planck High-Temperature Reservoir TH Heat Engine Statement of 2nd Law 3. 2nd perpetual-motion machine NEVER be made Second Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第二定律的实质: 自发过程是不可逆的； 若要非自发过程得以实现，必须伴随一个适当的 自发过程作为补充条件。 Heat Transfer Spontaneous Process 若要实现热量由低温向高温的非自发过程，必须消耗功， 即配合功变热这个自发过程作为补充条件。 Mechanical Heat Mechanical Heat 自发过程 非自发过程 1.若要实现热转化功的非自发过程，必须配合向低温热源放热 这一自发过程，因此热机的效率必定小于1。 2.“功可以全部转化成热，但热不能完全变为功” 理想气体的等温膨胀 3.热变功的最高效率－Carnot Cycle Carnot Cycle(Reversible) Ⅰ Isothermal Expansion Ⅳ Adiabatic Compression Ⅲ Isothermal Compression Ⅱ Adiabatic Expansion T S TH TL S1 S2 Thermal Efficiency Thermal Efficiency = Desired Output Required Input = Net Work Output Total Heat Input = WO Qin =1－ Qout Qi