章对溢流结构设计.pptx

2.1 Overflow Structures 2.1.1 Overflow Gates:The overflow structure has a hydraulic behavior that the discharge increases significantly with the head on the overflow crest. Remember that Q=CLH3/2.The height of the overflow is usually a small portion of the dam height.Further, gates may be positioned on the crest for “overflow regulation”.During the floods, if the reservoir is full, the gates are completely open to promote the overflow.A large number of reservoirs with a relatively small design discharges are ungated.Bottom pressure profileGatedUngatedBottom pressure profileCurrently most large dams are equipped with gates to allow for a flexible operation.The cost of the gates increases mainly the magnitude of the flood, i.e.: with the overflow area.Improper operation and malfunction of the gates is the major concern which may lead to serious overtopping of the dam.In order to inhibit floods in the tailwater, gates are to moved according to gate regulation.Gates should be checked against vibrations.The Advantages and Disadvantages of Gates The advantages of gates at overflow structure are:Variation of reservoir level,Flood control,Benefit from higher storage level. The disadvantages are:Potential danger of malfunction,Additional cost, and maintenance. Depending on the size of the dam and its location, one would prefer the gates for:Large dams,Large floods, andEasy access for gate operation. Three types of gates are currently favored:Hinged flap gates,Vertical lift gates,Radial gates. Flap GateVertical GateRadial Gate The flaps are used for a small head of some meters, and may span over a considerable length. The vertical gate can be very high but requires substantial slots, a heavy lifting device, and unappealing superstructure. The radial gates are most frequently used for medium or large overflow structures because of their simple construction, the modest force required for operation and absence of gate slots. They may be up to 20m X 20m, or also 12 m high an