南京师范大学泰州学院外国语学院英语专业普通语言学期末复习材料.docVIP

第 PAGE 8 页 共 NUMPAGES 9 页 普通语言学期末复习资料 Made by Hay 名词解释 第一章： linguistics （语言学）is generally defined as the scientific study of language. The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.（普通语言学） The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学) The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学） The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音系学） The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学） The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学） The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社会语言学） The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理语言学） The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （应用语言学） Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时 The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语（段落中没有黑体字） Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the writt