Evolution of Computing Tools 計算工具的演化培训教材.pptVIP

Mechanical Calculators Computer Age The first computers were people! Computer was originally a job title: it was used to describe those human beings (predominantly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs. ENIAC: the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator Completed in 1946, he first vacuum tube-based computer, has 18,000 vacuum tubes and takes up 1,800 square feet of space. Considered to be the first true computer Computer Punch Cards An IBM Key Punch machine which operates like a typewriter except it produces punched cards rather than a printed sheet of paper Paper Tape A typical paper tape reader Computer Bug = Computer + Bug In 1945, Grace Hopper found the first computer bug: a dead moth that had gotten into the Mark I and whose wings were blocking the reading of the holes in the paper tape. The word bug had been used to describe a defect since at least 1889 but Hopper is credited with coining the word debugging to describe the work to eliminate program faults. The IBM 7094, a typical mainframe computer The original IBM Personal Computer (PC) Development of Computers 1936--Turing Machine (Alan Turing) 1943--Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) 1946--ENIAC 1947--Transistor (Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain) 1957--Transistorized Experimental Computer (TX-O) 1958--Integrated circuit (Jack St. Claire Kilby) 1971--Intels first microprocessor, the 4004, was developed 1971--The first microcomputers (PCs) were developed 1974--Apple I 1981--IBM PC 1988--Laptops 1994--DNA Computing; Quantum Computing Moores Law (1965, Gordon Moore) Number of transistors/square inch on integrated circuits doubles every 18 months. Development of Computer Languages 1854--British mathematician George Boole devises binary algebra. 1936--Turing Machine (Alan Turing) 1958--Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL)