Chapter5Meaning(新版2).ppt

Chapter FiveMeaning 1. The Study of Meaning Semantics: the study of meaning 英文semantics来自希腊语semantikos，意思是significant(有意义)。是研究语言意义的科学。 1. The Study of Meaning Linguistic semantics: the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular The meaning of words: Lexical semantics The meaning of sentences: Propositional meaning, compositional meaning The meaning of utterances: Pragmatics Meaning has always been a central topic in human scholarship. Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists, e.g. Plato Aristotle. 2. The meaning of MEANING The word “meaning” has different meanings. C. K. Ogden I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning. John means to write. A green light means to go. Health means everything. His look was full of meaning. What is the meaning of life? What does ‘capitalist’ mean to you? Geoffrey Leech (1974, 1981). Semantics: The Study of Meaning Seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning Connotative meaning Social meaning Affective meaning Reflected meaning Collocative meaning Thematic meaning (1) Conceptual meaning Also called ‘denotative’（外延的） or ‘cognitive’ meaning. Refers to logical, cognitive or denotative content. Concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. 概念意义 概念意义是意义的核心，它直接地、明确地表示所指对象，因此又叫做“所指意义” referential meaning 如： father, dad, daddy, papa, the old man, male parent， 具有相同的概念意义，不同的感情意义和文体意义。 联想意义 词的关联意义又叫联想意义，是词的附带意义，包括词的感情色彩、文体意义等。这种意义不确定，变化大。 Woman 一词让我们联想到 “妈妈”， “养儿育女”， “温柔”， “持家”等。 词的联想意义可分为： Connotative meaning 内涵意义 Social meaning 社会意义 Affective meaning 情感意义 Reflected meaning 反射意义 Collocative meaning 搭配意义 (2) Connotative meaning内涵意义 What is communicated by virtue of(依靠 ; 由于 ; 借助 ) what language refers to. 指附加在概念意义上的，通过语言所指事物传递的意义；表示概念意义的属性。 (2) Connotative meaning内涵意义 Woman 的概念意义是： (+ hunman) (- male) (+ adult) 但这三个特征又有它的属性，及我们提到woman会联想到女人的社会、心理、生理等特点，如：frail, prone to tears, emotional