发育生物学gqzn6_6u.pptVIP

Chapter 5. Fertilization （continued） Maturation of sperm in the epididymis Capacitation Acrosome reaction, penetrate the ZP Activation Cortical reaction IVF, ICSI Union of a sperm and an oocyte to form a fertilized egg (zygote). Time: 12 - 24 hours after ovulation. Site: ampulla of uterine tube. spermatogenesis The testis produces sperm and testosterone Testosterone is a male sex hormone responsible for secondary sex characteristics Sperm are enclosed in a hanging sac called the scrotum Sperm need cooler temperature to develop Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules Sperm are then transferred to the epididymis for maturation When mature, sperm delivered to the vas deferens (and stored) Then to the urethra which empties through the penis Testis and Formation of Sperm Sperm Morphology Head: Acrosome and DNA Midpiece: Mitochondria Tail: microfilament for movement At birth, a female’s ovaries contains all the oocytes she will ever produce ~ 2 million oocytes are arrested in prophase I of the first meiotic division At puberty, the release of FSH causes the resumption of meiosis I in a few oocytes However, only one becomes dominant and is ovulated Mature egg cells are called ova (singular, ovum) This cycle is repeated about every 28 days. The Ovary and Formation of an Ovum Oocyte morphology 获能的机理仍不清楚，至少有三类分子起作用： 五、顶体反应 (acrosome reaction) 顶体中的成份包括： (1)透明质酸酶（Hyaluronidase） (2)顶体粒蛋白(acrosin) (3)原顶体粒蛋白(proacrosin) (4)酸性蛋白酶(acid proteinase) Membrane fusion Fertilin on sperm surface Microvilli on oocyte surface 七、皮质反应 （2）慢速阻止 八、精卵遗传物质的融合 精子进入卵后，核膜发生泡状化，将致密的染色质暴露于卵质中，其中控制精子染色质处于致密、非活性状态的蛋白由卵质中的蛋白所替代，发生解致密化。以后绕染色质形成的新核膜与旧核膜相结合成为完整的核膜，这时也就形成了雄性原核。 九、卵代谢的激活 (1)快激活：包括最早由Na+的内流开始，细胞内pH升高，且细胞内Ca2+明显增高。Ca2+释放对胚胎发育的启动至关重要。 (2)慢激活：细胞内Ca2+及 pH增高时，蛋白质及DNA合成迅速增加，其中蛋白质的合成都以母源的mRNA为母本进行的，并无新的mRNA合成出现。 Cleavage 24 hr after fertilization, the mammalian zygote (1 cell) begins cleavage. a series of mitotic divisions of fertilized egg ART IVM, IVF ICSI