常见的形合与意合.pptVIP

形合与意合 所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。 The American Heritage Dictionary 给形合定义为：“The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come.” 所谓意合，指的是词语与分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。The World Book Dictionary 给意合定义为：“The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away” 英语句子结构特点：主谓搭架，枝叶上挂，叠床架屋，都有语法。 这说明英语是形合的语言，结构严谨。 汉语句子结构特点：话题说明，叙述分层，可断可续，意尽为界。 这说明汉语是意合的语言，结构松散，形散而神聚，用词简洁。 英译汉技巧：形合变意合，显性变隐性，去掉关联词语。 汉译英技巧：意合变形合，隐性变显性，增加关联词语。 英语形合法 英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应(overt cohesion) ，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式(cohesive ties) 不仅数量大，种类多，而且用得十分频繁： 1．关系词和连接词。 关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词，如who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how 等，用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, (n)either …(n)or…, 及when, while, as, since, until, so…that, unless, lest 等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词，汉语则少用甚至不用这些词。 1) All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。 2) When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. 为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。 3) It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall. 那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。 4) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise