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* Sound Waves Travel in Pipes We have considered the behavior of acoustic waves under relatively simple geometric conditions. There are, however, many more complicated situations in acoustics for which the geometry of the boundaries confines the wave to a limited region of space. We will discuss the basic properties of sound in pipes. Phase velocity and group velocity The equation for a plane progressive wave is given by For a constant phase, we get : Differentiating this equation with respect to t and x Here cp is called the phase velocity or wave velocity K is called the wave number or wave vector Group velocity Consider a group of progressive waves with angular frequencies in the rages and wave numbers in the range. superimposing on one another. Consider two plane progressive waves with same amplitudes traveling in the positive direction of the X-axis △ △ If the difference in angular frequency and in wave number is extremely small We can write above equation in another form The resultant wave pattern consists of points of maximum amplitude and points of minimum amplitude. In between any two consecutive maximum, the amplitude gradually decreases. Between any two consecutive minimum, there is a position of maximum amplitude midway. The dotted loop represents a group of waves. This group of waves is called a packet and with time the packet moves forward in the medium with a velocity, called the group velocity. The group velocity is different from the individual phase velocity. cg can be higher or lower than cp depending upon the relative directions of the individual waves. Sound waves travel in the rectangular cavity Consider a rectangular cavity of dimensions Lx, Ly,Lz, as indicated in following fig. This box could represent a living room or a simple model of a concert hall. The wave equation will be: Substitution of into wave equation, and separation of variables results in : Assume that all surfaces of the cavity are perfectly rigid, so : For harmonic wa
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