声学基础课件许肖梅fundamentalsofacoustics07-17.ppt

* Radiation of Acoustic Waves If waves radiated outward from a sound source are symmetric and uniform in all direction, the source is an isotropic radiator. The simplest isotropic radiator is a pulsating sphere, which is a uniform and homogeneous sphere whose surface expands and contracts radially and sinusoidally with time. If the dimensions of a radiator are small compared with the wavelength of the sound radiated, the radiator can be approximated by a pulsating sphere. 4-1 Radiation Impedance Consider a transmitter whose vibration face is driven with a force Fs , The force Fr is due to the reaction acting on the radiator given by the sound field. Radiation impedance is defined as the radio of the force Fs in Newton exerted by the radiator on the medium( 策动力Fs）to the velocity u in m/sec of the radiator. In this case, the total impedance acting on the radiator is therefore the sum of its mechanical impedance Zm and the radiation impedance Zs. Since these impedances are functions of frequency , the velocity amplitude u=F/z will not remain constant as the frequency is varied. If acoustic pressure p acting on the surface s of the radiator is uniform, the force is When sound propagates in a rigid-walled pipe with wavelength larger than the radius, the acoustic motion is essentially planar. In many practical cases sound is radiated with unequal strength in different position and direction, in this case , the applied force is The radiation impedance can be expressed as Where rs and xs are the radiation resistance and the radiation reactance. A positive rs will increase the total resistance, thereby increasing the power dissipated by the source The effect of the radiation mass is usually negligible for sources operating in light media such as air, but for a dense medium such as water the decrease in resonance frequency resulting from the presence of the medium may be quite marked. A positive xs will manifest itself as a mass loading which decrease the reson