《第7讲完全垄断市场》精选课件.pptVIP

15 Monopoly 完全垄断 市场的类型 分类标准： 1、市场中多少买方和卖方 2、产品之间有无差异 3、是否存在进入退出障碍 4、是否存在完全信息 完全竞争 完全垄断 垄断竞争 寡头垄断 第一节 垄断市场的涵义与特征 基本特征 唯一的卖者(Only one seller - many buyers) 无相近的替代品(Have no close substitutes)) 存在进入障碍(Barriers to entry) 垄断形成的原因WHY MONOPOLIES ARISE 最基本的原因是市场中存在进入的壁垒 The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry. WHY MONOPOLIES ARISE 阻挡进入市场的壁垒基于以下三种原因Barriers to entry have three sources: 关键资源的垄断Ownership of a key resource. Example:南非的钻石公司戴比尔斯DeBeers。其控制了整个世界钻石产量的80％。 广告？？？？？？？”a diamond is forever” 政府给予的排他性的生产特权The government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good. 某些关键性行业：水、电、石油 授予专利权和版权Patent and copyright （WINDOWS） 技术性壁垒Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers 规模效应，如电信企业，飞机制造企业 掌握某种生产技术或诀窍，如可口可乐的配方,intel 的cpu制造技术。 所以垄断厂商是市场中的价格制定者Price maker HOW MONOPOLIES MAKE PRODUCTION AND PRICING DECISIONS Monopoly versus Competition Monopoly Is the sole producer Faces a downward-sloping demand curve Is a price maker Reduces price to increase sales Competitive Firm Is one of many producers Faces a horizontal demand curve Is a price taker Sells as much or as little at same price Figure 2 Demand Curves for Competitive and Monopoly Firms 垄断厂商的各种收益A Monopoly’s Revenue 总收益Total Revenue P ? Q = TR 平均收益Average Revenue TR/Q = AR = P 边际收益Marginal Revenue dTR/dQ = MR Table 1 A Monopoly’s Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue完全垄断厂商的总收益，平均收益，和边际收益曲线 A Monopoly’s Revenue A Monopoly’s Marginal Revenue垄断厂商的边际收益 A monopolist’s marginal revenue is always less than the price of its good.垄断厂商的边际收益总是小于商品的价格 边际收益： A Monopoly’s Revenue A Monopoly’s Marginal Revenue When a monopoly increases the amount it sells, it has two effects on total revenue (P ? Q). The output effect—more output is sold, so Q is higher. The price effect—price falls, so P is lower. Figure 3 Demand and Marginal-Revenue Curves for a Monopoly 需求和边际收益曲线 边际收益、总收益、销售价格与需求弹性 垄断厂商的短期均衡Pro