结构异构物.PPT

* * Figure: 05_20-19UN.jpg Title: Diastereomeric Forms Caption: Either member of one pair of enantiomers is a diastereomer of either member of the other pair. We have now seen all the types of isomers we need to study, and we can diagram their relationships and summarize their definitions. Notes: Diastereomers are found in molecules with two or more chiral carbons. There are 2 pairs of enantiomers (mirror images). The relationship between the stereoisomers that are not mirror images is diastereomeric, i.e., they are diastereomers of each other. * The Wilkinson’s catalyst was developed for the hydrogenation of olefins. Knowles developed chiral phosphine ligands for the specific hydrogenation of olefins. * * * * * * Figure: 05_02.jpg Title: Chiral Objects Caption: Common chiral objects. Many objects come in “left-handed” and “right-handed” versions. Notes: * * * * * * * * Figure: 05_09-10UN.jpg Title: Treatment of Double and Triple Bonds Caption: Treat double and triple bonds as if each were a bond to a separate atom. Notes: * * * * * Figure: 05_12.jpg Title: Sunglasses Caption: Using sunglasses to demonstrate parallel axes of polarization and crossed poles. When the pairs of sunglasses are parallel, a maximum amount of light passes through. When they are perpendicular, very little light passes through Notes: * * Figure: 05_14.jpg Title: Sunglasses as Polarimeter Caption: Apparatus for using a lightbulb and two pairs of polarized sunglasses as a simple polarimeter. Notes: * 同分異構物 結構異構物 立體異構物 非鏡像異構物 鏡像異構物 幾何異構物 組態及形態非鏡像異構物 所有的順反異構物 Diastereomers 非鏡像異構物 「幾何異構物」又稱為「順反異構物」 順-1,2-二氯乙烯、反-1,2-二氯乙烯 （分子式：C2H2Cl2） 順-1,2-二氯乙烯 反-1,2-二氯乙烯 幾何異構物 幾何異構物 幾何異構物 順-1,2-二甲基環己烷、反-1,2-二甲基環己烷 （分子式：C8H16） 順-1,2-二甲基環己烷 反-1,2-二甲基環己烷 Chapter 5 * Cis-trans isomers are not mirror images, so these are diastereomers. 幾何異構物 八面體 trans cis 同分異構物 結構異構物 立體異構物 非鏡像異構物 鏡像異構物 幾何異構物 組態及形態非鏡像異構物 所有的順反異構物 形態非鏡像異構物 Chapter 5 * Diastereomers Molecules with two or more chiral c