课件：乳腺癌的预防 [自动保存].pptx

Breast Cancer: Diagnosis 乳腺癌：诊断;Objectives 目标：;DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 诊断程序 Physical Examination 体格检查 In most cases, breast cancer presents as a lump.7 To determine whether the lump (or laboratory investigation in the breast) indicates malignancy, fine needle aspiration, biopsy, and laboratory investigation are used. 在大多数情况下,乳腺癌表现为肿块。是否确定肿块为恶性肿瘤, 要通过细针吸取细胞学检查(FNAC),和实验室研究（国际学术期刊）。 ;Signs that indicate a lump may be malignant include: 迹象表明一个肿块可能是恶性肿瘤包括： 1) Findings of a radiological opacity (microcalcification) with radiating fibrous strands 发现辐射不透明度(钙化)辐射纤维链 2) Other changes within the breast that are noticed by the patient 引起患者注意的乳房内的其他变化 3) Signs of locally advanced or metastatic disease, including a large mass, tethering to the skin and/or chest wall, lymph node enlargement, peau d’orange, nipple inversion, and skin infiltration。局部晚期或转移性疾病的迹象，包括一个大肿块，贴附于皮肤或胸壁，淋巴结肿大,呈现红斑,乳头内陷和皮肤侵润。 ;Breast mass 乳腺肿块 ? ?Size (measured) 大小 ? ?Location (clock position and distance from the areola) 位置（时钟位置和乳晕的距离） ? ?Consistency 一致性 ? ?Fixation to skin, pectoral muscle, or chest wall 皮肤、胸肌或胸壁的固定度; Data from a large randomized trial of breast self-examination (BSE) screening has shown that instruction in BSE has no effect on reducing breast cancer mortality.21 Nevertheless, women should be encouraged to be aware of their breasts since this may facilitate detection of interval cancers between routine screenings by a physician. 现阶段的实验随访中没有发现乳腺自检对降低乳腺癌死亡率有何益处。所以女性的乳腺自我检查仍可作为一项常规的乳腺癌筛查手段。 ? ;Not all women having breast cancer present with a lump. Other possible presenting signs and symptoms include: 不是所有女性有肿块的就称之为乳腺癌，其他可能呈现的症状和体征体现为： ? ? Breast pain or tenderness 乳房疼痛或压痛 ? ?Change in breast shape or size 乳房形状或大小的改变 ? ?Dimpling, flaking, or thickening of the skin on the breast 凹陷、脱落或乳 房皮肤增厚 ? ?Redness or warmth of the breast 乳腺乘红色或发热 ? ?Peau d’orange 呈现红斑 ? ?Nipple inversion, rash, or discharge; and 乳头内陷，红肿或有无分泌物 ? ?Swelling of the upper arm or in the armpit. 上臂或腋窝有无肿