牛顿流体.PPT

Figure 1.1 Density of water as a function of temperature Figure 1.3 Linear variation of shearing stress with rate of shearing strain for common fluids Figure 1.4 Effect of capillary action in small tubes. (a) Rise of column for a liquid that wets the tube. (b) Free-body diagram for calculating column height. ? Depression of column for a nonwetting liquid * Chapter 1Introduction Engineering Mechanics Fluid Mechanics (Week 1) Hsin-Yuan Miao, Ph. D.Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringNational Kaohsiung University of Applied Science415 Chien-Kung Road, Kaohsiung, 80778, Taiwan R. O. C.TEL : 886-7-381-4526 ext. 5351FAX : 886-7-3831373Mobile : 886-937-215-638E-MAIL : kenymiao@.tw.tw/prof/kenymiao/index.html Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids What is “Fluid”?(water, oil, air)(contiuum連體) is based on how materials deform under the action of an external load. A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously when acted on by a shearing stress of any magnitude.(flow). A shearing stress is created whenever a tangential force acts on a surface What is “rheology”(流變學)?(slurries, tar, putty, toothpaste) When common solids such as steel or other metals are acted on by a shearing stress, they will initially deform (usually a very small deformation), but they will not continuously deform (flow). Shearing Stress Chapter 1: Introduction 1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units A system for describing these characteristics both qualitatively (定性)and quantitatively (定量). The qualitative aspect serves to identify the nature, or type, of the characteristics (such as length, time, stress, and velocity) The quantitative aspect provide a numerical measure of the characteristics.(units) Primary quantitieslenth(L), time(T), mass(M), temperature(θ) Secondary quantitiesarea=L2, velocity=LT-1, density=ML-3, F=MLT-2, σ=FL-2=ML-1T-2 And see page 3, Table 1.1 Dimensionally homogeneous (因次均一性) 方程式的各項應具有相同的因次 1。For exam